Introduction

The Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) has powers to investigate suspected breaches of competition law. These investigations can involve written information requests, on-site inspections (known as dawn raids), or formal interviews.

This page explains what to expect, your rights during an investigation, and how to act correctly to protect yourself and your organisation.

 

When an investigation begins

The CMA may start an investigation if it has reasonable grounds to suspect an infringement of competition law. This may arise from: - A complaint by another business or consumer - Information from a whistleblower or sector regulator - Its own market studies or monitoring

The CMA will contact the business or carry out an unannounced visit if immediate evidence is required.

Written requests for information

The CMA may issue written notices requiring you to supply documents or data. Each notice will:

  • Explain what the investigation concerns
  • Specify which documents or information must be provided
  • Set a submission deadline 
  • Warn of potential offences for failure to comply

All information must be complete, accurate, and supplied on time. Individuals can also be asked to share their professional knowledge or explain documents.

 

On-site inspections (“dawn raids”)

A dawn raid is an unannounced visit to collect evidence. CMA officers may arrive at business premises with or without a warrant.

Without a warrant

CMA officers can:

  • Require access to relevant documents and files
  • Copy or take extracts of documents
  • Request information from staff
  • Ask for electronic data to be produced in readable form
  • Secure documents to prevent interference or destruction

With a warrant

When authorised by a court, CMA officers can:

  • Use reasonable force to enter premises (but never against a person)
  • Search offices, filing cabinets, computers, and storage areas
  • Copy or remove documents for later review
  • Bring technical specialists to assist with searches

They may also search domestic premises if relevant to the investigation.

 

Your rights during an investigation

During a CMA visit, businesses are entitled to have a legal adviser present. If one is not immediately available, officers will normally wait a reasonable time for advice to arrive.

You have the right to:

  • Request identification and a copy of the legal authority for the visit
  • Have your legal adviser present during interviews
  • Protect privileged communications between a lawyer and client
  • Mark any confidential business information clearly and explain why it should remain confidential

If concerns arise about the conduct of CMA officers, raise them first with the inspection lead. If unresolved, report directly to the CMA or the relevant sector regulator.

 

Leniency and cooperation

If you suspect your organisation has been involved in an infringement, it may still be possible to gain leniency. This means reduced penalties or immunity if you:

  • Disclose the issue voluntarily before an investigation begins
  • Provide all available evidence
  • Cease participation immediately
  • Cooperate fully throughout the process

The CMA’s leniency programme rewards openness and early action.

Checklist

What to do during a CMA visit:

  1. Stay calm and cooperate with officers

  2. Contact your legal adviser immediately

  3. Verify the officers’ identification and legal authority

  4. Inform senior management and the compliance lead

  5. Do not obstruct or destroy documents

  6. Keep records of all documents and data taken or copied

  7. Provide truthful, concise answers when asked

  8. Treat officers with professionalism and respect

  9. Ask for copies of all notices or paperwork provided

  10. Report any concerns through internal compliance channels

Find out More about the CMA

After the investigation

Once the CMA completes its review, it will:

  • Inform you of its findings in writing
  • Explain whether any further action or penalties will apply
  • Give an opportunity to respond before a final decision

If you disagree with the outcome, you may appeal to the Competition Appeal Tribunal (CAT).

 

Summary

Dawn raids and investigations are serious but manageable with preparation. By knowing your rights and cooperating fully, you protect both your organisation and your professional integrity.

The FIA advises all members to:

  • Maintain clear records and compliance logs
  • Train key staff on how to handle investigations
  • Contact the FIA Secretariat for guidance if unsure
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